Category: 12th Zoology

Poultry Breeds

The term poultry refers to the rearing and breeding of avian species
such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese and guinea-fowls which have been domesticated. They are the best converters of feed into animal protein
compared to other livestock. Chickens are the most common poultry
enterprises. Chickens alone occupy 90% of the total poultry.

Breeds

There are more than hundred breeds and more varieties of fowls.
The fowls are classified based on their utility to man. They are meat type,
egg type, dual type and games and ornamental type. Based on their origin
there are four major exotic breeds of fowls. They are American breeds,
Asiatic breeds, English breeds and Mediterranean breeds. In addition to the
above many of the indigenous breeds are also reared.

I. American breeds:- (Poultry Breeds)

Most of the American breed of fowls are dual purpose forms giving
meat and egg. These breeds are characterized by yellow feathers, red ear
lobes and many of them lay brown-shelled eggs. Rhode island reds,
Plymouth rock, New hampshire and Wyandotte are some of the
important breeds of American class.

a. Plymouth rock:- poultry breeds

Plymouth rock is the oldest and most popular breed of
America. The birds are single combed with long and deep body . The breed
produces good sized eggs. The plumage is generally greyish white.
The female looks darker in colour than males. This colour feature is used to
distinguish the sex of the birds. The females usually have black spots on the
shanks.

b. White plymouth: poultry breeds

The white plymouth rock has white plumage throughout
the body and it is commonly used in broiler production. Standard weights of
cock, 4.3kg; hen 3.4kg; cockerel,3.6kg; pullet, 2.7kg.

II. Asiatic breeds:- poultry breeds

The breeds of this class belong to Asian continent. They are
characterised by large body with heavy bones, feathered shanks, red ear
lobes and yellow skin. They are used for egg and meat purpose. The egg
shells are light to dark brown in colour. The important breeds of this class
are Brahma, from Brahmaputra valley in India, Cochin and Langshan are
from China.

Brahma :- poultry breeds

Brahma breed is well known for its massive body with heavy
bones, well – feathered and proportionate body. Peacomb is one of
important breed character. Light, Dark Brahma are of two common varieties
of Brahma .

Light Brahma :- poultry breeds

It has light grey to white colour and the hackle feathers
are black. The beak and legs are light yellow coloured. Standard weights of
light Brahma are, cock 5.4 kg; hen 4.3 kg; cockerel 4.5kg; and pullet 3.6 kg .
Dark Brahma:- Dark brahmas are light black or steel grey coloured with
greenish hackle. standard weight of dark Brahma are, cock 4.9 kg; hen
3.9 kg; cockerel 4.0 kg; and pulet 3.1 kg.

III. English breeds :- poultry breeds

All the breeds of this class originated from England. Presence of white
plumage and pink coloured earlobes are the characters of the breed of this
class. Most of them lay brown shelled eggs. Sussex, Orpington, Australorp
and Corinsh are some of the important breed of this class.

IV. Mediterranean breeds:- poultry breeds

Breeds of this class originated from European countries which are by the side of Mediterranean sea. The important breeds of this class, Leghorn
and Ancone originated from Italy whereas Minorca originated from spain.
The breeds are light bodied with non feathered shanks. The fowls of this
class lay white shelled eggs and they are non-sitters.

Leghorn:- poultry breeds

The white leghorns are the most popular and commercial breed
in India, Colours of plumage may be white, brown or black. The fowls of
this breed are small, compact with single comb and wattles. Though the
leghorns are adapted to most of the climates, they are thriving well in dry
areas. They mature early and they begin to lay eggs at the age of 5or 6
months. Hence, the breed is economically important and preferred in
commercial forms. The standard weight of the cock is 2.7kg; hen 2.0kg;
cockerel 2.3kg; and pullets 1.8kg.

V. Indigenous breeds of fowls: poultry breeds

The common country hen of India is known as ‘Desi’ which is the
best mother for hatching. Some of the Indian fowls resemble the leghorn, but
have poor laying qualities. Chitagong, Aseel, Karaknath and Busra are four
breeds of indigenous fowl in India.

a. Aseel:- poultry breeds

Aseel is noted for its pugnacity. The colour of the breed is white
or black. The hens are not good egg layers but are excellent sitters. Aseel
breed is found in almost all states of India, but abundant in Andhra Pradesh.

b. Chittagong:- poultry breeds

Chittagong breed is largely found in West Bengal. The
plumage colour varies, but the popular shade is golden or light yellow. The
beak is long and yellow in colour, the ear lobes and wattles are small and red
in colour. They are good egg layers and are delicious.

c. Karaknath:- poultry breeds

It is a fowl with black flesh. It is abundant in Madhya Pradesh
and bred by tribals and the eggs are light brown in colour. The adult plumage
varies from silver and gold-sprangled to bluish- black. The comb, wattles
and tongue are purple in colour,

d. Busra:- poultry breeds

This is a small to medium sized bird found in some parts of Gujarat
and Maharashtra. They are light feathered with wide variation in body colour.

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

12th Zoology

Techniques adopted in cattle breeding

Post author By Mr. Padeepz
Post date November 23, 2018
No Comments on Techniques adopted in cattle breeding

Techniques adopted in cattle breeding

A. Out breeding :

Out breeding is mating of less closely related or unrelated

animals.The individuals involved do not have a common ancestor in the

preceeding 4-6 generations. (Techniques adopted in cattle breeding)

B. Cross breeding :

Cross breeding is mating of animals of different breeds.

It is valuable as a means of introducing desirable characters into new breed

in which they have not existed formerly. The cross breeds exhibit increased

growth and vigour by the blend of desirable dominant genes from two breeds

in the first generation. (Techniques adopted in cattle breeding)

C. Artificial insemination :

Artificial insemination is the deposition of male

reproductive cells (spermatozoa) in the female reproductive tract by

mechanical means rather than by natural mating. The semen is collected from

the male by artificial means. The semen is inseminated into the female by

placing a portion of it either in a collected or in a diluted form into the cervix

of the uterus by mechanical methods at the proper time and under most

hygienic condition. (Techniques adopted in cattle breeding)

It helps to eliminate the need for maintenance of herd sire, permits long

distance transport of semen by air, avoids spreading of genital diseases,

and increase the rate of conception. Further this method helps better

recording, permits use of semen from injured and old bulls and provides a

chance of detecting any genital abnormalities or pathological infection and

inflammation in cows. (Techniques adopted in cattle breeding)

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

12th Zoology

Non-contagious diseases – Cattle

Post author By Mr. Padeepz
Post date November 23, 2018
No Comments on Non-contagious diseases – Cattle

Non Contagious Diseases – Cattle

The diseases which does not spread by external modes but are caused by physiological or genetical means is known as non contagious diseases.

1. Milk fever :

Milk fever is common in high milk producing cows and
buffaloes during the early part of the lactation. It is due to inability of the
animal to assimilate calcium from the feed, leading to demineralization in the
bone. The serum Ca and P levels become low and the sugar level gets
increased.

Symptoms :

Staggering, loss of appetite, temperature becoming below
normal, pulse rate becoming high, restlessness and become inactive.
Precaution and first aid : Feeding jaggery along with lime water, few days
prior to calving and giving soft nutritious and easily digestible food for a few
days after calving prevents milk fever. Cleaning the udder with warm cloth
and preventing infection from the floor. Pumping clean air into the udder and
massaging are other measures to be adopted.

2. Constipation :

Constipation is severe due to over eating of coarse

fibrous roughages, inadequate intake of water and lack of exercise. Which

leads to lack of appetite, lack of rumination or chewing and dull

appearance.

Precaution and first aid :

The affected animals can be given wheat bran meal or rice gruel and succulent fodder. Plenty of drinking water with jaggery or salt, evacuating the rectum by giving warm soap water enema and massaging the abdomen are the other measures of treatment. (non contagious diseases)

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

12th Zoology

Common diseases and control in Cattle – Contagious diseases

Post author By Mr. Padeepz
Post date November 20, 2018
No Comments on Common diseases and control in Cattle – Contagious diseases

Common diseases and control in Cattle – Contagious diseases

Cattle are subjected to a large number of diseases. Cattle in normal health appear bright, alert and active in their movements with a shiny coat. They also enjoy normal appetite and sleep.

Cattle in ill health appear dull, restless and change posture frequently with a
drop in milk yield.

Contagious diseases :

The diseases which spread easily by various modes are called contagious diseases. These diseases are of bacterial or viral origin.
The bacterial diseases are anthrax, haemorrhagic septicemia, mastitis
and tuberculosis. The viral dieases are cow pox, foot and mouth
disease and rinderpest.

1. Anthrax : Anthrax, a bacterial disease is due to b anthracis which causes
sudden death in cattle.
Symptoms : High temperature (41-41.50c), swelling of the neck, thorax,
flanks and lumbar regions which are neither hot nor painful. Blood discharges
from natural openings, the affected animal dies in 10 to 36 hrs.
Control : Vaccination with spore vaccine at the age of 6 month and then
annually. Affected animals are to be segregated, contaminated place to be
disinfected and the carcasses to be burried deep.

2. Cow pox is a contagious viral disease attacking cows and buffaloes.
Symptoms : Retarded rumination, swelling of udder and teats, rise in
temperature, eruptions on skin and udder and teats developing into vesicles,
pustules and scabs by stages ultimately leading to mastitis and loss of milk.
Prevention : Segregation of affected animal, giving sloppy food for
swallowing and digestion, fomenting udder with warm disinfectant solution,
giving saline laxative and diuretics, treating lesions with mild antiseptic
ointment. Cow shed should be kept clean.

3. External parasitic diseases : Common ectoparasites are flies, ticks,
mites, fleas and lice. They are directly involved by sucking the blood from
cattle and become an irritant. They are also indirectly involved in transmitting
bacterial, viral and protozoan diseases.

4. Internal parasitic diseases : Hook worm, round worm, tape worm and
flukes are some of the intestinal parasites causing diarrahoea, dysentry and
some other complications.

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

12th Zoology

Exotic breeds of cattle

Many milk yeilding breeds of cattle are imported and reared in India. The exotic breeds are successfully crossed with indigenous breeds to obtain cross breeds, which have sufficient desirable characters.

European breeds are the first kind of exotic breeds introduced in India about 90 years back. Important ones are short horns Ayreshire, Jersey, Brown swiss, Holstein Friesean, Guernsy and Red Dane. (Exotic breeds of cattle)

Jersey : Jersey is one of the oldest dairy breed. It originated from Jersey
island adaptable to wide range of climatic conditions and heat. The colour of the breed ranges from white to dark grey, and it is broken and found as
patches. Jerseys are nervous and sensitive animals. Jerseys have good udders
with large teats. The lactational yield is 4,950 kg with milk fat 5% .

The milk has a characteristic yellow colour because of high carotene content.
The bulls are vicious than other breed. Cross breeding of Jersey and indigenous
Sindhi and Hariyana produced excellent cross breeds with more than
2000 kg of milk yield per lactation period. (Exotic breeds of cattle)

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

12th Zoology

Dual purpose breeds & Draught breeds

Post author By Mr. Padeepz
Post date November 20, 2018
No Comments on Dual purpose breeds & Draught breeds

Dual purpose breeds & Draught breeds

Dual purpose breeds

This breed of cattle are meant for both milk yield and draught works. The cows are fairly good milkers and the bullocks are sturdy and are useful in draught works like ploughing the field, transport, cart pulling etc. Important examples are Hariana and Ongole.

1. Ongole : Nellore Dual purpose breeds

Origin and distribution :- Ongole tract of Andra Pradesh, Guntur,
Narasaraopet, Venukonda, Kandukur taluks of Nellore.

Distinguishing characteristics : Dual purpose breeds

This breed is a larger form. The matured
male weighs about 700Kg and female weighs about 400 Kg. Ongole breed
is usually white in colour with grey marking. Males are dark grey at
extremities. Hump is well developed and erect. The horns are stumpy and
they grow outwards and inwards. Bullocks are powerful and suitable for
cart and road work but are not fast.
Productions : Cows are good yielders, yielding from 1700 kg to 3500kg
per lactation. Dual purpose breeds

Draught breeds

These breeds are exclusively meant for pulling
carts, ploughing fields etc. They are well-built and the skin is well stretched.
The bulls are used for draught works. The cows are poor milkers. Important
Indian draught breeds are Amrithamahal, Kangayam, Malvi, Hallikar etc.

1. Kangayam (Kanganad, Kongu) :-

Origin and distribution :

It originated from Kangayam divisions of
Dharapuram taluk of Coimbatore district in Tamilnadu. The breed is also
found in Udumalapet, Palladam, Pollachi and in other parts of South India.

Distinguishing characters : The cattle of this breed are of moderate size
and the colour of the body is white or grey with black markings. The horns
are strong and are curved upwards and outwards. The head is short with
prominent forehead. Neck is shorter and thick and the ears are smaller and
pointed. They have moderate sized hump, wide muzzle, strong limbs, fine
skin and a fine tail. The udder is medium sized with small teats. The bulls are
excellent type for hard work.

Production :

The cows are poor milkers, yielding about 666 kg per lactation.
Hallikar

Origin and distribution : Commonly found in the South Indian States,
predominantly in Karnataka. Hassan and Tumkur regions of Karnataka are
the home places of this breed.

Distinguising characters :

Body is dark grey in colour, some times almost
black. The animals are of medium size. The head is usually long with a
bulging forehead and a prominent furrow in the middle. The face is long with
small ears. The long horns emerge out, slant backwards in a graceful sweep
and then curve upwards to terminate in a sharp point. The hump is
moderately developed. The udder is medium sized with small teats. The
Hallikar bullocks are draught breeds. They are used for heavy ploughing,
transport and other field works.

Production : The cows are poor milkers.

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

12th Zoology

Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds

Post author By Mr. Padeepz
Post date November 20, 2018
No Comments on Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds

Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds

The cows of this group are high milk yielders with extended lactation
periods. The bullocks are of poor draught qualities. These cattle are well
built with strong limbs. e.g Deoni, Gir, Sindhi and Sahiwal. The cows in domestic
usage for milk are non-descriptive types. (Milch breeds)

1. Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red Karachi) :

Origin and distribution : The home of this breed is Karachi and Hyderabad.
Distinguishing characters : Medium size and compact body. Thick horns
emerging laterally and ending in blunt points. They have intelligent facial
expression. Deep dark red colour. Bulls are darker than the cow. They have
hump and the udder is large with medium sized teats. The animals are
docile and quiet. Bullocks are steady workers, suited for road and field work.
Sindhi cows are hardy and have high degree of resistant to heat and
ticks. These are the most economical milk producers among the dairy breeds
of India.
Milk production :- Yields as high as 5,443 kg per lactation period.

2. Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) :-

Origin and distribution : The breed originated from the Gir forest of South
Kathiawar. Impure forms of Gir breeds are found in Baroda and some parts
of Maharastra.

Distinguishing characters : The colour is not always entire. Most of these
cows have spotted skin. It is usually red, black and red, red and white or
white with red spots. The body is well built with clear cut lines. The pure
breed has a majestic appearance. Ears are long like a leaf. Tail is long and
whip like. Legs are long and well built. Udder is large with matching teats.
Bullocks are heavy, powerful and good for draught.
Milk Production : Gir cows are good milk yielders. In some, the maximum
yield is 3,715 Kg per lactation period. (Milch breeds)

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

12th Zoology

Important cattle breeds and their characteristics

Post author By Mr. Padeepz
Post date November 19, 2018
No Comments on Important cattle breeds and their characteristics

Important cattle breeds and their characteristics

Among mammals, cattles belong to the genus Bos (ruminant
quadrupeds), and the species being divided into Bos indicus (humped cattle), Bos taurus (without any hump), Bos bubalis (the buffalo).
In India at present there are twenty six well defined breeds of cattle
and six breeds of buffaloes found spread all over the country. Cattles are classified under three groups based on the purpose they serve to man. They
are Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds and Draught breeds. A breed
is a group of animals of a species which has for a long period been bred
among themselves. The members of the breed have closely resembling
characters and these characters are hereditarily transmissible to young ones. (Important cattle breeds)

Cattle Breeds

Dairy purpose
cows are high milk yielders, with extended lactation.

1. Sahiwal

2. Sindhi

3. Gir

4. Umblachery

5. Karan swiss

Dual purpose

cows are meant for milk and bullocks are meant for

1. Hariana

2. Ongole

3. Tharparker

4. Kankrej

Draught purpose

Bullocks are good draught animals
while the cows are
draught. poor milk yielders.

1. Amritmahal

2. Kangayam

3. Malvi

4. Siri
5. Hallikar

(Important cattle breeds)

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

12th Zoology

Livestock and Management

The well being of human population is directly linked to the natural
resources of a country. Natural resources are of various kinds. They are
plants, animals, land, water and minerals. Animal husbandry and dairying
have been mainly rural-based, generating employment and revenue among the rural people.

Extensive studies have been undertaken by ICAR (Indian Council for Agricultural Research), State Agricultural Universities, and non-governmental research organizations, etc, to improve the livestock and its management. Intensive crossbreeding programme in cattle has led to the evolution of high-yielding milch animals. Livestock and Management

Dairy

Dairy operation consists of proper maintenance of cattle, the
collection of milk, processing the milk, and its by products. Dairying is the
production and marketing of milk and its products.

Dairy technology made rapid growth in the later half of the 19th
century. New methods and equipments are available for machine-milking of cows. Artificial feeds and nutrient foods are manufactured to improve the milk yield of cows. Breeding techniques and applications of biotechnology in livestock improvement programme of cattle have tremendously increased the production of new breeds with high milking capacities. Since milk forms a staple food, majority of the Indian population rely on milk for their protein supplement. Livestock and Management

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

12th Zoology

Fresh water crisis and management

Post author By Mr. Padeepz
Post date November 19, 2018
No Comments on Fresh water crisis and management

Fresh water crisis and management

Clean, fresh water is essential for nearly every human activity.
Perhaps more than any other environmental factors, the availability of water
determines the location and activities of humans beings. Almost all
agricultural operations which supply food to humanity need water.

Freshwater resources

Of the total water available on earth, only 3% is fresh water.

1. Glaciers, ice and snow : Of the 3 percent of all water that is fresh, about
three – fourths is tied up in glaciers, ice caps and snowfields. They occur
only at high altitudes or high latitudes.

2. Ground water : After glaciers, the next largest reservoir of fresh water is
held in the ground in ground water. Water held in the lower soil layers is
known as water table. Porous- water bearing layers of sand, gravel and
rock are called aquifers.

3. Lakes and Ponds : Lakes are inland depressions that hold standing fresh
water year around. Ponds are small temporary or permanent bodies of
shallow water. While lakes contain nearly one hundred times as much water
as all rivers and streams combined, they are still a minor component of total
world water supply.

4. Wet lands : Bogs, swamps, wet meadows and marshes play a vital and
often a minor role.

Freshwater shortages

At least one billion people or nearly 20 percent of the world’s
population, lack safe drinking water. The W.H.O. considers 53,000 gallons
of good water per year to be the minimum for a healthful life. Some forty
countries (including island nations, Middle East countries) in the world fall
below this level.

Reasons for freshwater shortages

1. Natural forces
Deficits are caused by natural forces such as poor rain fall and hot
winds, rivers changing courses.

2. Human causes
Include increased population, rapid urbanization, over grazing by
cattle, improper cultivation methods, poor sewage systems, inadequate
finances for providing infra structures.

3. Depleting ground water
Ground water is the source of nearly 40 % water for agricultural and
domestic use in most of the countries. Nearly 95% of rural population
depends on groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes. Over use of the supplies causes several kinds of problems, including drying of
wells, natural springs and disappearance of surface water features such as
wetlands, rivers and lakes.

In many parts of the world, groundwater is being withdrawn from
aquifers faster than natural recharge can replace it. On a local level this causes
a level of depression in the water table. A heavily pumped well can lower the
ground water table so that nearby shallower wells go dry. On a broader
scale, heavy pumping can deplete a whole aquifer. Many aquifers have slow
recharge rates, so it will take thousands of years to refill them once they
were emptied.

4. Salt water intrusion
Many parts of the world are losing freshwater sources due to
saltwater intrusion. Over use of under ground freshwater reservoirs often
allows salt water to intrude into aquifers and affect the water table.

5. Loss of free flowing rivers
Loss of free flowing rivers that are either drowned by reservoir
impoundments or turned into linear, sterile irrigation channels is yet another
cause for freshwater crisis.

6. Evaporations, leakage and siltation
It happens in freshwater lakes, ponds and dams.

Freshwater Management

On a human time scale, the amount of water on the earth is fixed, for
all practical purposes. There is little we can do to make more water.

However, there are several ways to increase local supplies.

a) Seeding clouds
Seeding clouds with dry ice or potassium iodide particles sometimes
can initiate rain if water laden clouds and conditions that favour precipitation
are present.

b) Desalination
Desalination of ocean water is a technology that have great potential for
increasing fresh water. The common methods of desalination are distillation
(evaporation and recondensation) or reverse osmosis (forcing water under
pressure through a semipremeable membrane whose tiny pores allow water
to pass but exclude most salts and minerals). Although desalination is still
three to four times more expensive than most other sources of freshwater, it
provides a welcome water supply in such places like Dubai, Oman and Bahrain
where there is no other access to fresh water.

c) Dams, Reservoirs, Canals and Aqueducts
It is common to trap run off with dams and storage reservoirs and transfer
water from areas of excess to areas of deficit using canals, tunnels and
underground pipes.

d) Watershed management
A series of small dams or tributary streams can hold back water before it
becomes a great flood. Ponds formed by these dams provide useful wildlife
habitat and stock-watering facilities. Small dams can be built with simple
equipment and local labour, eliminating the need for massive construction
projects and huge dams.

e) Rain water harvesting
The activity of collecting rainwater directly or recharging it into ground to
improve ground water storage in the aquifer is called rain water harvesting.
By rainwater harvesting the ground water can be conserved, water table
depletion can be reduced and also sea water intrusion in coastal areas can
be arrested. To recharge the groundwater rainwater that falls in the terrace
of the buildings and in the open space around the buildings may be
harvested. Roof top rain water can be diverted to the existing open / bore
well. Rainwater available in the open spaces around the building may be
recharged into the ground by the following simple but effective methods.
The Government of Tamilnadu leads the nation in implementing rain
water harvesting programme. It has made it mandatory for all houses and
buildings in the State to install rain water harvesting facility.

f) Better agricultural practices
Sound farming and foresting practices can reduce runoff. Retaining
crop residues on fields reduces flooding. Minimizing ploughing and forest
cutting on steep slopes protects watersheds. Wetlands conservation
preserves natural water storage capacity and aquifer recharge zones.

g) Domestic conservation

We could save as much as half of the water we now use for domestic
purposes without great sacrifice or serious changes in our lifestyles. The use
of washing machines, dish washers and low volume shower heads can
reduce water loss.

h) Industrial conservation

Nearly half of all industrial water use is for cooling of electric power
plants and other industrial facilities. By installing dry cooling systems, this
could be avoided. Cooling water can be recharged, some industrial
wastewater may be treated, recycled and reused.

i) Saving water -an individual’s role

As an individual you can conserve water by the following methods.
· Take shorter showers.
· Don’t wash car and two wheelers often
· Don’t allow tap run while washing hands, dishes, food or brushing your
teeth unnecessarily.
· In your lawn consider planting native plants, a rock garden or some
xerophytic landscaping.
· Use water conserving appliances : low – flow showers and low -flush
toilets.
· Use recycled water for lawns, house plants and car washing
· Check taps for leaks

Poultry Breeds

Breeds

I. American breeds:- (Poultry Breeds)

a. Plymouth rock:- poultry breeds

b. White plymouth: poultry breeds

II. Asiatic breeds:- poultry breeds

Brahma :- poultry breeds

Light Brahma :- poultry breeds

III. English breeds :- poultry breeds

IV. Mediterranean breeds:- poultry breeds

Leghorn:- poultry breeds

V. Indigenous breeds of fowls: poultry breeds

a. Aseel:- poultry breeds

b. Chittagong:- poultry breeds

c. Karaknath:- poultry breeds

d. Busra:- poultry breeds

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

Techniques adopted in cattle breeding

A. Out breeding :

B. Cross breeding :

C. Artificial insemination :

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

Non Contagious Diseases – Cattle

1. Milk fever :

Symptoms :

2. Constipation :

Precaution and first aid :

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

Common diseases and control in Cattle – Contagious diseases

Contagious diseases :

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

Exotic breeds of cattle

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

Dual purpose breeds & Draught breeds

Dual purpose breeds

Draught breeds

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds

1. Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red Karachi) :

2. Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) :-

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

Important cattle breeds and their characteristics

Cattle Breeds

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

Livestock and Management

Dairy

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Topic List Zoology

Fresh water crisis and management

Freshwater resources

Freshwater shortages

Reasons for freshwater shortages

Freshwater Management

Related Topics in Zoology:

Unit 6. APPLIED BIOLOGY Topic List Zoology