Nervous system
Co-ordination systems Nervous Co-ordination
All living animals maintain a constant inner state, irrespective of
changes happening in the environment. This phenomenon is named as
homoeostasis. It is achieved due to coordination of response. The
coordination is due to the animal body, acting as a self-regulating system
capable of making appropriate responses to stimuli.
The coordinating system of the body contains suitable structures for
detecting stimuli, transmitting information and responding to stimuli. There
are feedback mechanisms that ensure that degree of responses is
related to the intensity and direction of the stimuli.
Mammals have two main coordinating systems, namely the
nervous system and the endocrine system.
Nervous system
The neurons are the basic units of the nervous system. They help in
conducting the stimuli in between the receptor organs – spinal cord, brain
and effector organs.
The neurons conduct the stimulus as electrochemical events. These sequential events involve migration of ‘Na’ and ‘K’ ions outside and inside the neuronal cells. This phenomenon is known as Sodium- Potassium pump. This sequence of electro chemical events is known as the impulse.
The junctions of neurons in nerve pathway are called the synapses.
A synapse is formed between the bulb-like end structure of the axon called
boutons and the cyton or dendrite of the adjacent neuron. At the junction
there is a gap called the synaptic cleft, which is usually about 10 to 20 nm.
At this point, transmission of stimulus happens through transmitter
substances such as acetylcholine.
In the nervous system the bundles of parallel axons of the nervous
tissue having myelin sheath constitute the white matter. Collection of
neurons having unmyelinated axons form the grey matter.
The axons make up the white matter of the CNS for nerve tracts.
They propogate action potentials. The grey matter performs integrative
functions. The outer surface of the brain (cortex) and the central area of the
spinal cord consist of grey matter. Within the brain, collections of grey
matter form centers called nuclei.
Related Topics in Zoology:
Bio Zoology All Important Topics
- Human Physiology Introduction
- Nutrition
- Carbohydrates Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones
- Proteins (Polypeptides)
- Lipids
- Vitamins – Functions Of Vitamins
- Deficiency of Vitamin
- Minerals – Water – Role of water
- Balanced diet
- Obesity
- Digestive System
- Dental Caries (Tooth decay)
- Root Canal Treatment
- Peptic ulcer
- Hernia and Types
- Appendicitis (Appendix)
- Gall Stones
- Hepatitis
- Fractures – Types of fractures
- Mechanism of fracture
- Dislocation of joints
- Arthiritis
- Rickets and Osteomalacia – Orthopedics
- Muscles
- Mechanism of muscle contraction
- Types of muscle contraction
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Respiration – Process of pulmonary respiration
- Mechanism of Breathing
- Regulation of Respiration
- Pneumonia Tuberculosis Symptoms Treatment
- Bronchitis – Acute bronchitis, Chronic Bronchitis Causes
- Circulatory System – Functioning of Human heart
- Cardiac Cycle
- Coronary blood vessel and its significance
- Myocardial infarction
- Angina pectoris
- Angiogram – Angioplasty
- Atherosclerosis
- Heart block Echo cardiography Heart Valves
- Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD), ICCU – (Intensive Coronary Care Unit)
- Blood Pressure
- Heart transplantation
- Pulse rate
- Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
- Blood – Composition of plasma – Blood cells
- Clotting of Blood or Haemostasis
- Thrombosis
- Nervous system Co-ordination systems
- The Brain – Fore Brain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
- Memory
- Sleep – Types of sleep
- Stroke – Brain haemorrhage
- Alzheimer – Meningitis (Brain fever)
- Conditioned reflex
- Electroencephalography EEG
- Right and Left brain concept
- Spinal cord functioning
- Chemical co-ordination – Functions of Endocrine glands
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland – hormone
- Hormones of Neurohypophysis – vasopressin
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal gland
- Gonads
- Receptor Organs – Eye
- Photochemistry of Retinal visual Pigments
- Errors of refraction
- Optometry – Retinopathy
- Cataract – Lens Replacement – Glaucoma – Nyctalopia
- Eye Infections and Eye Care
- Ear
- Mechanism of hearing
- Defects of the ear
- Hearing Aid – Noise pollution
- Skin and functions of skin
- Melanin functions
- Effects of solar radiation / UV radiation – Skin grafting
- Dermatitis
- Tongue – Mechanism of Stimulation
- Excretion Ureotelism Nephron
- Mechanism of urine formation
- Renal Failure, Dialysis, Kidney Machines
- Kidney stone – Kidney transplantation
- Diabetes mellitus
- Functioning of male reproductive system
- Functioning of female reproductive system
- Ovulation and fate of the ovum – Menstrual cycle
- Fertilization
- Birth control